Molecular biology of ghosts

Ghosts of ghosts for second class constraints

When one uses the Dirac bracket, second class constraints become first class. Hence, they are amenable to the BRST treatment characteristic of ordinary first class constraints. This observation is the starting point of a recent investigation by Batalin and Tyutin, in which all the constraints are put on the same footing. However, because second class constraints identically vanish as operators ...

Systems biology versus molecular biology

Systems biology and molecular biology can answer the same question in quite different ways, and frequently the answers given by one sub-discipline seem no answer at all to the other. For many molecular biologists, a systemslevel explanation leaves them feeling that, until the underlying molecular mechanisms are known, the approach is hopelessly superficial. For systems biologists, on the other ...

The 15th Iranian National Congress of Biochemistry & 6th International Congress of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology

Molecular biology of sarcomas

There are two types of sarcomas with regards to the type of molecular alterations: sarcomas with relatively simple, usually specific lesions and those with complex unspecific lesions. A molecular classification for sarcomas can therefore be proposed (Table 1). Recurrent chromosomal translocations: about 10-15% of all sarcomas bear a recurrent chromosomal translocation (Table 2). The most freque...

Molecular biology of cholesteatoma.

Cholesteatoma is a non-neoplastic, keratinizing lesion, characterized by the proliferation of epithelium with aberrant micro-architecture into the middle ear and mastoid cavity. The exact pathogenic molecular mechanisms behind the formation and propagation of cholesteatoma remain unclear. Immunohistochemical examinations of the matrix and perimatrix have considerably improved the knowledge of c...